Artificial Protein Scaffold System (AProSS): An efficient method to optimize exogenous metabolic pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Scaffold proteins influence cellular signaling by orchestrating multiple enzymes, receptors or ion channels, and could be tailored to enhance the efficiency of biochemical reactions by positioning related enzymes physically together. However, the number of applicable domains remains small, and the construction of scaffold proteins with optimal domain ratio could be tedious and time-consuming. In this study, we outlined a modular design to quickly assemble scaffold proteins using protein interaction domains, which have been constructed into a standardized vector. We generated multiple protein interaction domains and ligands for making artificial scaffold proteins. At the same time, we developed a robust Golden-Gate-based molecular toolkit for the construction of artificial scaffold proteins, allowing a variance of domain types, number, and positions. The synthesized domain-ligand interaction was verified by yeast two-hybrid and split-GFP assays. Using synthetic scaffolds, we demonstrated an increase in the yield of two target products by 29% and 63% respectively. Moreover, we demonstrated that the synthetic scaffold could be applied to rewire the metabolic flux. Our system could be a useful tool for metabolic engineering and beyond.