Objective To investigate the effect of Danhong injection on cognitive function and the content of glial fibriliary acidic protein ( GFAP) in hippocampus of Wistar rats during Sleep Deprivation( SD) . Methods SD was induced in Wistar rats by employing flower pot technique. The 72 rats were randomly divided into six groups according to the time of SD( 0-5 d) ,and every group was also divided into two subgroups: experimental group and control group. The behaviors of rats were studied in Morris maze test at given time. Then immunohistochemistry was used to detect the level of GFAP in hippocampus. Results Compared with control groups,the escape latency and swimming distouce of experimental groups induced in 2,3,4,5 d( P 0. 05) were decreased. There was no obvious difference in the times across plot between the experimental groups and control groups ( P 0. 05) . Compared with control groups,the content of GFAP of experimental groups was increased on 2,3,4,5 d ( P 0. 05) . Conclusion Danhong injection can improve the rat impairment of cognitive function induced by SD via the activation of astrocyt( AS) in hippocampus.