Utilisation of two-stage waste incinerator bottom ash as a cement substitute in concrete

Waste incineration still seems to be an essential technology in the concept of integrated waste management. However, the desirable quantity of waste incineration residue needs to be as low as possible. Therefore, related optimization of two-stage waste incineration technology has been performed with the main goal of producing lower amounts of boiler ash, fly ash and flue gas-treatment residue, all classified as hazardous waste. Most of the combustion residue should be incinerator bottom ash. Tests were performed on light fraction of municipal solid waste in a two-stage pilot scale waste incineration plant.