Stimulation of DDX3 Expression by Ginsenoside Rg3 through the Akt/p53 Pathway Activates the Innate Immune Response via TBK1/IKKε/IRF3 Signalling

DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3 is a well-known host factor that inhibits hepatitis B viral proliferation and boosts innate immune responses via TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/IKKε-mediated and/or interferon (IFN)-β promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1)-mediated IFN-β induction. Previously, we demonstrated the anti-hepatitis B activity of Rg3 via stimulation of TRAF6/TAK1 degradation and inhibition of JNK/AP-1 signaling. To determine the effects of Rg3 on innate immunity, an IFN-β promoter assay was performed. Rg3 ameliorated IFN-β expression via upregulation of both the TBK1/IKKε pathway and DDX3 expression. In addition, Rg3 induced the phosphorylation of IRF3 and its translocation into nucleus, which is a key molecule to induction of IFN-β expression. To evaluate the molecular mechanism of Rg3 on DDX3 expression, the DDX3 promoter (-1406/+105) was subjected to luciferase assay and ChIP analysis. p53 phosphorylation resulted in upregulation of DDX3 expression, which enhanced DDX3 promoter transactivation activity. Transient transfection with wild-type p53 increased DDX3 promoter activity in Hep3B cells which have null mutant of p53, whereas knockdown p53 by si-p53 reduced DDX3 promoter activity in HepG2.2.15 and HepG2 cells, respectively. Rg3- mediated phosphorylation of p53 resulted in inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, which in turn reduced MDM2-mediated p53 degradation. An Akt inhibitor augmented DDX3 promoter activity and reduced the secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen. Our data indicate that Rg3 enhances innate immunity by inducing IFN-β expression through upregulation of DDX3 promoter activity via p53-mediated transactivation and activation of the TBK1/IKKε/IRF3 pathway.