Plant–insect–pathogen interactions: a naturally complex ménage à trois

Under environmental conditions, plants are constantly exposed to a wide range of biotic interactions, which include insects, and pathogens. Usually scientists are tempted to study each association individually, which reduces the complexity of the interaction. This restricted view of the problem does not consider that plants are the ballroom in which a multitude of organisms are constantly interacting with each other affecting not only plant responses but also how one organism responds to the other. Plants attacked by insects and pathogens display profound physiological, morphological and chemical changes or adaptations that result in organism attraction or avoidance, depending on the species involved. Therefore, many researchers worldwide have decided to study this phenomenon in a more holistic view, integrating genetics, ecology and physiology to depict these complex interactions. In this review, we will discuss how plant infection by pathogens may affect insect behavior and vice-versa and how plants cope with these multitude of biotic stresses.