Microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvents (DES) pretreatment of control and transgenic poplars for boosting the lignin valorization and cellulose bioconversion

Reducing the “biomass recalcitrance” and simultaneously improving the efficiency of deconstruction and conversion is vitally important in a biorefinery process. Herein, a microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvents (DES) pretreatment was developed to deconstruct the control and transgenic (C3H, HCT and C3H + HCT co-inhibition) poplars, and improve the lignin extractability and valorization. NMR and GPC results showed that native lignin (Double Enzymatic Lignin, DEL) in different poplars exhibited slightly different structural characteristics, affecting the subsequent lignin extractability and value-added applications. After two kinds of DES (ethylene glycol-based and glycerol-based DES) pretreatments, the yield of DES lignin was obviously increased to 45.38–53.09 % and 46.38–54.30 % in transgenic poplar woods as compared to control poplar wood (37.25 and 38.86 %). In addition, molecular weight, and abundances of different linkages (β-O-4, β-β, β-5, etc.) in the DES lignin fractions were significantly decreased, suggesting the microwave-assisted DES pretreatment has a strong deconstruction ability towards to poplar wood. Moreover, the rapid and efficient pretreatment facilitated the isolation of the lignin fractions from transgenic poplars, and the regenerated DES lignin fractions exhibited excellent antioxidant properties, which will lay the foundation for the lignin valorization. Furthermore, the enzymatic saccharification ratios of the DES pretreated substrates were significantly increased to 87.36–96.55 % in control and transgenic poplar woods, indicating that microwave-assisted DES pretreatment indeed boosted cellulose bioconversion. In short, the combination of genetic modification and DES pretreatment can significantly reduce the “biomass recalcitrance” and promote the biomass valorization.