Nitrous oxide reduction by two partial denitrifying bacteria requires denitrification intermediates that cannot be respired

Abstract Denitrification is a form of anaerobic respiration wherein nitrate (NO 3 - ) is sequentially reduced via nitrite (NO 2 - ), nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) to dinitrogen gas (N 2 ) by four reductase enzymes. Partial denitrifying bacteria possess only one, or some, of these four reductases and use them as independent respiratory modules. However, it is unclear if partial denitrifiers sense and respond to denitrification intermediates outside of their reductase repertoire. Here we tested the denitrifying capabilities of two purple nonsulfur bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA0092 and Rhodobacter capsulatus SB1003. Each had denitrifying capabilities that matched their genome annotation; CGA0092 reduced NO 2 - to N 2 and SB1003 reduced N 2 O to N 2 . For each bacterium, N 2 O reduction could be used for both electron balance during growth on electron-rich organic compounds in light and for energy transformation via respiration in the dark. However, N 2 O reduction required supplementation with a denitrification intermediate, including those for which there was no associated denitrification enzyme. For CGA0092, NO 3 - served as a stable, non-catalyzable molecule that was sufficient to activate N 2 O reduction. Using a β-galactosidase reporter we found that NO 3 - acted, at least in part, by stimulating N 2 O reductase gene expression. In SB1003, NO 2 - , but not NO 3 - , activated N 2 O reduction but NO 2 - was slowly removed, likely by a promiscuous enzyme activity. Our findings reveal that partial denitrifiers can still be subject to regulation by denitrification intermediates that they cannot use. Importance Denitrification is a form of microbial respiration wherein nitrate is converted via several nitrogen oxide intermediates into harmless dinitrogen gas. Partial denitrifying bacteria, which individually have some but not all denitrifying enzymes, can achieve complete denitrification as a community by cross-feeding nitrogen oxide intermediates. However, the last intermediate, nitrous oxide (N 2 O), is a potent greenhouse gas that often escapes, motivating efforts to understand and improve the efficiency of denitrification. Here we found that at least some partial denitrifying N 2 O reducers can sense and respond to nitrogen oxide intermediates that they cannot otherwise use. The regulatory effects of nitrogen oxides on partial denitrifiers are thus an important consideration in understanding and applying denitrifying bacterial communities to combat greenhouse gas emissions.