Progress on Synergistic Enhancement of Perovskite Solar Cell Efficiency and Stability via Defect Engineering and Carrier Dynamics Optimization

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties, including a high light absorption coefficient and superior carrier mobility. However, challenges remain in their power conversion efficiency and stability. Intrinsic defects and externally introduced defects exert a key impact on their optoelectronic properties. This paper systematically reviews the core characterization techniques and the latest research progress of perovskite carrier dynamics, with a focus on the structure-property relationship and regulation strategies between bulk microstructure/interfacial properties and carrier dynamics. Research has shown that interface engineering, defect passivation, and energy level gradient design can effectively optimize carrier transport and separation processes. Optimization strategies such as additive engineering and machine learning assistance are equally crucial. Photon manipulation, low-cost carbon-based electrodes, and integrated energy storage systems are also discussed. Techniques including transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) have revealed the mechanisms of carrier generation, relaxation, transport, and recombination, providing theoretical guidance for device design. We further explore the carrier dynamics in tandem perovskite devices, flexible perovskite devices, and triple-mesoporous structures-these core frontier systems are driving the commercial application of perovskite photovoltaic technology.