Preparation methods of single-atom catalysts: a review

The traditional fossil energy crisis has promoted the rapid development of various clean energy conversion and storage technologies. However, the performance bottleneck of electrochemical system continues to restrict their large-scale application, making the design of efficient electrocatalysts a key challenge. In this context, Single-atom Catalysts (SACs) have become a major research focus. They exhibit excellent activity, selectivity and stability in electrocatalysis due to their atomic dispersion, high atomic utilization and adjustable electronic structure. This paper systematically reviews the main synthesis strategies for SACs, encompassing both bottom-up and top-down pathways. Emerging preparation concepts such as entropy stabilization strategies and non-equilibrium synthesis are also discussed. We analyze the research progress of representative techniques, including impregnation, co-precipitation, atomic layer deposition, and electrochemical deposition. Finally, future development directions are prospected based on current technical bottlenecks.