Fundamental understanding and applications of plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PERS), including surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, has witnessed substantial development over the past 20 years. These techniques can provide fingerprint information on target materials with sensitivities down to the single-molecule level and with sufficient spatial resolution to observe individual vibrational modes. PERS has thus found applications in diverse areas, ranging from bioanalysis to materials characterization. In this Technical Review, we survey the fundamental principles, advantages and limitations of using localized surface plasmon resonance to enhance the Raman signal in PERS. We discuss the issues that influence the sensitivity and interpretation of PERS results and provide an overview of state-of-the-art PERS applications in materials characterization, bioanalysis and the study of surfaces and interfaces. We also troubleshoot common experimental issues, largely based on our own experience. Finally, we conclude by examining future directions and issues to be addressed for the further development of PERS techniques. Plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PERS) is a highly sensitive technique that can provide molecular fingerprint information. This Technical Review discusses the fundamental principles, advantages and limitations of PERS, key issues in using PERS and interpreting results, and state-of-the-art applications in materials characterization, bioanalysis and the study of surfaces.