How to stabilize standard perovskite solar cells to withstand operating conditions under an ambient environment for more than 1000 hours using simple and universal encapsulation

We introduce a simple and universal scalable encapsulation strategy for perovskite solar cells based on thermal vacuum evaporation of MgF2 or MoO3-x capping layer followed by sealing the device with glass and UV-curable polymer. The proposed encapsulation method is beneficial to most of the other known encapsulation approaches being fully harmless to perovskite and transporting layers and processible at room temperature. Vacuum deposition of the capping layer promotes efficient removal of water, oxygen and organic solvent residuals from the device prior to sealing and could be easily performed using standard equipment for metal electrode deposition. The proposed strategy is transferrable to any lab-scale perovskite solar cell prototypes regardless of their geometry and architecture and results in excellent stability of the devices in ambient air and long operating conditions. Upon the 1000 hours stability test at ambient air (30%–60% RH), the cells preserved 92.9% of their initial efficiency on average under 1 Sun illumination at constant maximum power point tracking (MPPT, ISOS-L-1) and over 96% under storage in the dark (ISOS-D-1), thus evidencing for the high effectiveness of the proposed encapsulation approach.