Nanopatterning of beaded poly(lactic acid) nanofibers for highly electroactive, breathable, UV-shielding and antibacterial protective membranes

Despite great potential in fabrication of biodegradable protective membranes by electrospinning of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers, it is still thwarted by smooth surfaces and poor electroactivity that challenge the promotion of electret properties and long-term air filtration performance. Here, a microwave-assisted synthetic method was used to customize dielectric TiO2 nanocrystals of ultrasmall and uniform dimensions (∼30 nm), which were homogeneously embedded at beaded PLA nanofibers (PLA@TiO2, diameter of around 280 nm) by the combined "electrospinning-electrospray" approach. With small amounts of TiO2 (2, 4 and 6 wt%), the nanopatterned PLA@TiO2 nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) were characterized by largely increased dielectric constants (nearly 1.9), surface potential (up to 1.63 kV) and triboelectric properties (output voltage of 12.2 V). Arising from the improved electroactivity and self-charging mechanisms, the nanopatterned PLA@TiO2 NFMs exhibited remarkable PM0.3 filtration properties (97.9 %, 254.6 Pa) even at the highest airflow rate of 85 L/min, surpassing those of pure PLA membranes (86.2 %, 483.7 Pa). This was moreover accompanied by inhibition rates of 100 % against both E. coli and S. aureus, as well as excellent UV-blocking properties (UPF as high as 3.8, TUVA of 50.9 % and TUVB of 20.1 %). The breathable and electroactive nanopatterned PLA NFMs permit promising applications in multifunctional protective membranes toward excellent UV shielding and high-efficiency removal of both PMs and pathogens.