Orally administered dual-targeted astaxanthin nanoparticles as novel dietary supplements for alleviating hepatocyte oxidative stress

pharmacokinetic experiments revealed that AXT@TPP-WPI-GOS could enhance AXT utilization by 28.18 ± 11.69%. Fluorescence imaging in mice demonstrated significantly higher levels of AXT@TPP-WPI-GOS accumulation in the liver compared to that of free AXT. Therefore, these nanoparticles hold promising applications in nutrient fortification, improving the bioavailability of AXT and supporting hepatic well-being.