Focused transcranial ultrasound stimulation: a breakthrough approach to treating brain disorders

INTRODUCTION: Focused transcranial ultrasound stimulation (fTUS) has emerged as a novel noninvasive technique with promising therapeutic potential for various neurological and psychiatric conditions. The aim of this review is to evaluate current research on fTUS, examining its mechanisms, therapeutic applications, challenges, and future potential in neurological and psychiatric disorders. AREA COVERED: High-intensity fTUS leads to heat-induced thermoablation, which has shown efficacy in treating essential tremor and tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease, with promising outcomes in clinical trials. fTUS has been explored for blood-brain barrier opening, facilitating drug delivery for conditions like glioblastoma and Alzheimer's disease. Low-intensity fTUS can also be used as a novel neuromodulation tool which has shown potential in alleviating chronic pain, depression, and cognitive decline. EXPERT OPINION: Challenges remain, including technical refinements, standardization of parameters, and optimization of therapeutic protocols. Emerging approaches like hyperthermia therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and sonothrombolysis hold promise for future applications. With ongoing research and collaboration, the next decade holds immense potential for further advancements in fTUS technology and its clinical integration.