Research Progress on the Regulation of Macrophages for Cardiovascular Diseases

With the rising incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), an array of preventive and therapeutic strategies is under investigation. The intersection of immunity and inflammation in CVD is a particularly active research domain. Within this context, macrophages-key players in innate immunity-have emerged as potential targets for CVD treatment and prevention. Generally, macrophages confer cardioprotection by balancing M1/M2-type polarization and modulating cardiomyocyte activity through the recognition of danger signals via surface receptors. This process is critical for maintaining intracellular homeostasis and regulating immune responses. This review further elucidates the significant role of macrophages in the pathophysiological processes of inflammation, lipid oxidation, cardiac dysfunction, and myocardial electrical remodeling associated with CVD, highlighting conditions such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, myocardial fibrosis, arrhythmias, and hypertension. The overarching goal of this review is to offer a comprehensive overview of macrophage polarization and surface receptors/molecules in CVD, thereby fostering the identification of novel targets and innovative approaches for CVD treatment.