Exploring pyrazolidinone and pyrazolidinedione scaffolds for Alzheimer's therapy: multitarget COX-2 inhibitors with anti-amyloid β, anti-tau, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activities

-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells without cytotoxicity. Additionally, both compounds displayed high permeability in PAMPA and MDCK-MDR1 assays, indicating their potential to cross the blood-brain barrier and reach therapeutic targets. These findings highlight the potential of reviving COX-2 inhibitors as multitargeted therapeutic agents for AD, offering a promising strategy to address multiple pathological aspects of the disease, including neuroinflammation, amyloid aggregation, and tau pathology.