Retarded sodium alloying interface reaction for stable anode-less sodium metal batteries

Improving the sodiophilicity of the substrate is essential to enhance the reversibility of anode-less sodium metal batteries. Here, we have prepared a sodiophilic nano-Pb coating on aluminum-based collectors by magnetron sputtering. The slow alloying kinetics between Pb and sodium allows prolonged Pb retention in the coating, endowing the coating with a durable sodiophilicity.