Effectiveness and safety of steamed ginger extract on mild osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

as GGE03) group and administered 1.6 g of the product for 12 weeks. Biomarkers were measured before and after intervention. At the efficacy endpoint, pain visual analog scale (VAS) Korean-Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (K-WOMAC; total scores, sub-scores) and patient global assessment (PGA) were found to be decreased in a statistically significantly manner in the GGE03 group compared to the placebo group. No significant changes were observed in any safety endpoint. These results suggest that GGE03 intake is useful as a functional food because it has beneficial effects in terms of improving joint pain as well as managing or preventing knee OA without side effects.