Development of an ion exchange process for ammonium removal and recovery from municipal wastewater using a metakaolin K-based geopolymer

Ion exchange represents a promising process for ammonium removal from municipal wastewater (MWW), in order to recover it for fertilizer production. Previous studies on ammonium ion exchange neglected the assessment of process robustness and the optimization the desorption/recovery step. This study aimed at developing a continuous-flow process of ammonium removal/recovery based on a metakaolin K-based geopolymer, named G13. Process robustness was assessed by operating 7 adsorption/desorption cycles with two types of MWW. These tests resulted in satisfactory and constant performances: operating capacity at 40 mg_N L^-1 in the inlet = 12 mg_N g_{dry sorbent}^-1, bed volumes of treated MWW at the selected breakpoint = 199-226, ammonium adsorption yield = 88-91%. Empty bed contact time (EBCT) was decreased from 10 to 5 min without any reduction in performances. The NH₄⁺ adsorption process was effectively simulated by the Thomas model, allowing a model-based assessment of the effect of EBCT reductions on process performances. An innovative desorption procedure led to high ammonium recovery yields (86-100%) and to a desorbed product composed primarily of KNO₃ (54%_w) and NH₄NO₃ (39%_w), two salts largely used in commercial fertilizers. The energy consumption of ammonium removal/recovery with G13 resulted 0.027 kWh m^-3_{treated WW}, with a relevant reduction in comparison to traditional nitrification/denitrification, whereas the operational cost resulted equal to 60-110% of the cost of the benchmark process. These results show that G13 is a promising material to recover ammonium in a circular economy approach.