Twelve pathways of carbon neutrality for industrial parks

This study designs the first systemic concept framework for industrial parks (IPs) that contains 12 pathways to achieve carbon neutrality. We then analyse the accomplishments of the 12 pathways by performing an analysis of four typical cases that include eco-industrial parks (EIPs) in Kalundborg, Denmark, the Kawasaki Eco-town, the EIP in Ulsan, Korea, and Guigang EIP, Chian. In addition, this study provides suggestions for the low-carbon development of other IPs. The results demonstrated that the recycling of waste, water, and energy is the basic approach for IPs to achieve low-carbon development. Building a smart IP platform and the use of energy-saving building materials are also of great importance for green low-carbon IP development. The pathways summarized in this study provide several suggestions for IP low-carbon development that are helpful for IPs to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality at an early date.