Insulin combined with N-acetylcysteine attenuates type 1 diabetes-induced splenic inflammatory injury in canines by inhibiting the MAPKs-NF-κB signaling pathway and pyroptosis

Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that can cause damage to multiple organs including the spleen. Sole insulin therapy is not satisfactory. This study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of combined treatment with insulin and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on spleen damage in T1DM canines, in order to identify drugs that may better assist patients in the management of diabetes and its complications.