Paeoniflorin inhibited GSDMD to alleviate ANIT-induced cholestasis via pyroptosis signaling pathway

: Cholestasis (CT) is a group of disorders caused by impaired production, secretion or excretion of bile. This may result in the deposition of bile components in the blood and liver, which in turn causes damage to liver cells and other tissues. If untreated, CT can progress to severe complications, including cirrhosis, liver failure, and potentially life-threatening conditions. : This research was intended to elucidate the function and mechanism of Paeoniflorin (PF) in ameliorating ANIT-induced pyroptosis in CT. : CT models were established in SD rats and HepG2 cells through ANIT treatment. Histological examination was conducted using haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining to assess the histopathological alterations in the liver. Network pharmacology was employed to identify potential PF targets in CT treatment. To evaluate pyroptosis levels, various methods were used, including serum biochemical analysis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence (IF), immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The HuProt™ 20K Chip was utilized to pinpoint potential PF-binding targets. PF's direct mechanisms in CT treatment were explored using molecular docking (MD), molecular dynamics simulations (MDS), Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA), and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). : PF administration was found to alleviate ANIT-induced liver pathology, enhance liver function markers, and improve cell viability. Network pharmacology and pyroptosis inhibitor studies suggested that PF might mitigate CT via the NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis pathway. This hypothesis was further supported by Western blotting, IF, and IHC analyses, which indicated PF's potential to inhibit NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis in CT. GSDMD was identified as a target through HuProt™ 20K Chip screening. The binding affinity of PF to GSDMD was validated through MD, MDS, CETSA, and SPR techniques. Additionally, the regulatory impact of GSDMD on downstream inflammatory pathways was confirmed by ELISA and IHC. CONCLUSION: PF exhibited a hepatoprotective effect in ANIT-induced CT, primarily by targeting GSDMD, thereby suppressing ANIT-induced pyroptosis and the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators.