Coupled long- and short-period dynamics in Bi 3+ -doped BCZT/cellulose nanogenerators for optimized output and high-temperature stability

A Bi 3+ -doped BCZT/cellulose film PENG shows dual-period output and, at 0.025 mol doping, generates 15.3 V, 16.85 µA, and 36.56 µW cm −2 with excellent thermal stability and flexibility for wearable energy harvesting.