Research Progress on the Preparation, Modification, and Applications of g-C3N4 in Photocatalysis and Piezoelectric Photocatalysis

The metal-free polymeric semiconductor graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has emerged as a promising material for photocatalytic applications due to its responsiveness to visible light, adjustable electronic structure, and stability. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in preparation strategies, including thermal polycondensation, solvothermal synthesis, and template methods. Additionally, it discusses modification approaches such as heterojunction construction, elemental doping, defect engineering, morphology control, and cocatalyst loading. Furthermore, it explores the diverse applications of g-C3N4-based materials in photocatalysis, including hydrogen (H2) evolution, carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction, pollutant degradation, and the emerging field of piezoelectric photocatalysis. Particular attention is given to g-C3N4 composites that are rationally designed to enhance charge separation and light utilization. Additionally, the synergistic mechanism of photo–piezocatalysis is examined, wherein a mechanically induced piezoelectric field facilitates carrier separation and surface reactions. Despite significant advancements, challenges persist, including limited visible-light absorption, scalability issues, and uncertainties in the multi-field coupling mechanisms. The aim of this review is to provide guidelines for future research that may lead to the development of high-performance and energy-efficient catalytic systems in the context of environmental and energy applications.