The direct comparison of inhaled versus intravenous levosimendan in children with pulmonary hypertension undergoing on-cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery: A randomized, controlled, non-inferiority study

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is commonly seen in children with left to right intracardiac shunts and affects the outcomes of cardiac surgery. Our study aimed to compare the efficacy of inhaled levosimendan (LS) versus intravenous LS in reducing elevated pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in children scheduled for cardiac surgery.Non-inferiority, prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled study.Operative room and intensive care unit (ICU), institutional children's hospital of Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Egypt.50 patients of either sex, aged 1 to 5 years undergoing surgical repair of intracardiac left to right shunt complicated by pulmonary hypertension were recruited for the study.In the intravenous LS group, patients received intravenous infusion of LS a rate of 0.1 μg/kg/min and in the inhaled LS group, LS (36 μg/kg/6 h) was delivered by nebulization.The primary endpoint was systolic PAP, while the secondary endpoints were the heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, dose of norepinephrine, time to extubation and ICU length of stay.Both intravenous and inhaled routes of LS similarly reduced the high systolic PAP over all time points of measurement and intravenous LS was associated with higher heart rate, lower arterial pressure and the need for a higher dose of norepinephrine than the inhaled LS.Inhalation of LS is non-inferior to intravenous LS in reducing high PAP in children who underwent on-pump cardiac surgery and it is associated with less tachycardia and hypotension with reduced need for vasoactive drugs.