Probiotics as an alternative antimicrobial therapy: Current reality and future directions

Probiotics are defined as microorganisms that live in symbiosis with the human host. When ingested in adequate quantities, probiotics may modulate biological functions, with health benefits. Different biological properties have been reported for probiotics, including antimicrobial activity. However, there are few studies investigating the use of probiotics as candidates for alternative antimicrobial therapy or as a source of new antibiotics. Thus, in this review we provide a general approach to the current situation of probiotic antimicrobial research and point out future directions in the field. Despite the promising benefits of probiotics on intestinal health, there remains no consensus or standardization on the development of delivery systems and on the application of probiotic formulations for antimicrobial therapy. Thus, further bioguided studies and clinical trials are needed to address the existing gaps in the knowledge. Future research should focus on the isolation, doses, clinical efficacy, safety and mechanisms of action of probiotics in humans.