Enhancing Peptide Nucleic Acid–Nanomaterial Interaction and Performance Improvement of Peptide Nucleic Acid-Based Nucleic Acid Detection by Using Electrostatic Effects

Single-stranded peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes interact strongly with several nanomaterials, and the interaction was diminished in the presence of complementary nucleic acid targets which forms the basis of many nucleic acid sensing platforms. As opposed to the negatively charged DNA probes, the charges on the PNA probes may be fine-tuned by incorporating amino acids with charged side chains. The contribution of electrostatic effects to the interaction between PNA probes and nanomaterials has been largely overlooked. This work reveals that electrostatic effects substantially enhanced the quenching of dye-labeled conformationally constrained pyrrolidinyl PNA probes by several nanomaterials including graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and silver nanoparticles. The fluorescence quenching and the color change from red to purple in the case of AuNPs because of aggregation were inhibited in the presence of complementary nucleic acid targets. Thus, fluorescence and colorimetric assays for DNA and RNA that can distinguish even single-base-mismatched nucleic acids with improved sensitivity over conventional DNA probes were established. Both the GO- and AuNP-based sensing platforms have been successfully applied for the detection of real DNA and RNA samples in vitro and in living cells. This study emphasizes the active roles of electrostatic effects in the PNA-nanomaterial interactions, which paves the way toward improving the performance of PNA-nanomaterial based assays of nucleic acids.