Psoriasis: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Therapeutic Advancements

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory dermatosis characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation and altered differentiation. Affecting approximately 2–3% of the global population, it is no longer viewed solely as a skin condition but as a systemic inflammatory disease with significant comorbidities, including psoriatic arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. This review explores the complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers, emphasizing the central role of the IL-23/Th17 signaling axis in disease pathogenesis. We further examine clinical subtypes, current diagnostic challenges, and the evolution of treatment modalities from traditional topicals to highly targeted biologic therapies