Geographic atrophy: From slowing lesions to preserving vision

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Geographic atrophy, the advanced form of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), has historically been evaluated using structural endpoints and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). This review examines the growing rationale for a function-first approach. RECENT FINDINGS: Emerging data demonstrate that functional deficits often decline earlier and more profoundly than BCVA. Recently approved complement inhibitors have shown slowing of geographic atrophy lesion growth but without consistent improvements in traditional visual acuity endpoints. Extension studies and post hoc analyses suggest some functional benefits. Next-generation therapies are increasingly incorporating functional endpoints into trial design. SUMMARY: Structural slowing alone does not fully capture therapeutic value in geographic atrophy. Functional measures provide a more sensitive and patient-centered assessment of disease progression and treatment impact.