Electrochemical Sensor for Square Wave Voltammetric Determination of Clozapine by Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified by <italic>WO</italic>3Nanoparticles

A simple and sensitive sensor based on glassy carbon (GC) electrode modified by composite of multiwall carbon nanotubes and WO ₃ nanoparticles hydride by α - terpineol (MWWT) was introduced for the electrochemical determination of clozapine (CLZ). The presented sensor was characterized by the atomic force microscopy and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electro-oxidation of CLZ was investigated on modified GC electrode by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry (SWV) methods. The oxidation peak potential of clozapine on MWWT was appeared at 462 mV, which was accompanied with smaller overpotential and increase in oxidation peak current in comparing to the bare GC electrode. Under optimum conditions, the sensor provides two linear SWV responses in the range of 0.1-2 μM and 2-150 μM for CLZ with a detection limit of 30 nM. The proposed sensor was successfully used for determining CLZ in serum and urine samples and satisfactory responses were obtained.