Spontaneous Rupture of the Oesophagus: Boerhaave’s Syndrome in 2008

<i>Objective:</i> Boerhaave’s syndrome is a spontaneous rupture of the oesophagus with a lack of diagnostic and treatment consistency in the literature. Therefore, we reviewed all published literature in order to design a treatment algorithm based on the literature. <i>Study Design:</i> A systematic literature review written in the English language since 1975. <i>Results:</i> We reviewed all known literature. Treatment of the Boerhaave syndrome was divided into three categories: conservative, endoscopic and surgical approach. The survival rate of all treatments was 75, 100 and 81%, respectively. <i>Conclusion:</i> Boerhaave’s syndrome should be treated endoscopically when diagnosed within 48 h and when there are no signs of sepsis. However, when a patient is diagnosed within 48 h and has a septic profile, thoracotomy with hemifundoplication and pleural/mediastinal drainage should be performed; and in case of intra-abdominal leakage, a laparotomy for local repair should be performed. When a patient is diagnosed after 48 h, conservative treatment should be followed and only when a patient gets a septic profile is surgical treatment indicated.