Optical biosensors based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) have a wide range of applications. They can be used in chemical analysis, such as for quantitative analysis of environmentally hazardous substances. Moreover, the LSPRbased optical biosensing platform is of great significance for the elaboration of optical sensors. Because it is compared with the traditional SPR optical biosensor, on the one hand, the biosensor required by LSPR is faster, more convenient. It can save economic costs to a certain extent. On the other hand, it retains the advantages of traditional SPR biosensors. For example, it is still sensitive to the vibration of the particles, and no complex labeling is required. This paper will focus on applying the LSPR-based optical biosensors in environmental monitoring, biomolecular detection, and the biomedical field. Specifically, the acceptance of the biomedical field not only focuses on the kinds of disease in the body, but also includes the introduction of the accurate detection of the molecular concentration of disease marker.