Yuanhuacin and Related Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Daphnane Diterpenes from Genkwa Flos—An Overview

Sieb. et Zucc. have been largely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Numerous diterpenoids have been isolated from the Genkwa Flos (yuanhua in Chinese), including a series of daphnane-type diterpene designated as yuanhuacin (YC, often improperly designated as yuanhuacine) and analogues with a patronymic name. The series includes ten daphnane-type diterpenes: yuanhuacin, yuanhuadin (YD), yuanhuafin (YF), yuanhuagin (YG), yuanhuahin (YH), yuanhuajin (YJ), yuanhualin (YL), yuanhuamin (YM), yuanhuapin (YP), and yuanhuatin (YT). They are distinct from the rare flavonoid yuanhuanin. The series comprises several anticancer agents, such as the lead compound YC, which has revealed potent activity in vitro and in vivo against models of lung and breast cancers. The main signaling pathways implicated in the antitumor effects have been delineated. Protein kinase C is a key factor of activity for YC, but in general the molecular targets at the origin of the activity of these compounds remain little defined. Promising anticancer effects have been reported with analogues YD and YT, whereas compounds YF and YP are considered more toxic. The pharmacological activity of each compound is presented, as well as the properties of Genkwa Flos extracts. The potential toxic effects associated with the use of these compounds are also underlined.