Exercise and Nutritional Intervention for Physical Function of the Prefrail: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives The aim is to inspect the effects of exercise and nutritional intervention on prefrail older adults' physical function. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021261197). Setting and Participants Randomized controlled trials involving prefrail older adults who received exercise and/or nutritional interventions. Methods Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, Clinical Trials, and PubMed were searched from inception to September 1, 2021. Primary outcomes were physical function, including physical performance, mobility, and grip strength. The short physical performance battery score and chair sit-to-stand test were used to assess the physical performance. Timed up and go and gait speed were applied to assess the mobility. Secondary outcomes were frailty status, weight, body mass index, Barthel index, and quality of life (Euro quality of life 5 dimension index values). Results We included 16 randomized controlled trials comprising 1199 prefrail older adults (intervention group, n = 593; control group, n = 606). Exercise and nutritional interventions significantly improved the short physical performance battery score [n = 5, mean difference 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21‒1.42, I2 = 62%], handgrip strength (n = 7, mean difference 1.52, 95% CI 0.70‒2.34, I2 = 6%), and gait speed (n = 4, standard weighted mean difference −1.06, 95% CI -1.87 to −0.25, I2 = 89%). There were no significant differences among the chair sit-to-stand test, timed up and go, weight, body mass index, and Barthel index. Conclusions and Implications Our systematic review and meta-analysis shows that the receipt of exercise and nutritional intervention significantly improved physical function in prefrail older adults.