The effect of the type of anaesthesia on long‐term outcomes after cancer resection surgery: a narrative review

Summary Background The peri‐operative period may create a biological environment conducive to cancer cell survival and dissemination. Microscopic residual tumours (micrometastases) can be dislodged even with excellent surgical technique. At the same time, the stress response from surgery can temporarily impair immune function and activate inflammatory processes, increasing the risk of tumour proliferation. Methods This narrative review investigates how peri‐operative anaesthetic and analgesic interventions may influence cancer recurrence and metastasis by exploring evidence from both experimental and clinical studies. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to identify relevant preclinical and clinical studies published. Results While surgery remains the best curative option for many cancers, metastasis remains the leading cause of death. Numerous studies have suggested that different anaesthetic drugs and techniques could impact cancer outcomes including volatile anaesthetic agents; total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol; local anaesthetics; regional anaesthesia; and opioids. This review focuses on these five commonly used anaesthetic approaches and evaluates their potential impact on cancer progression. Discussion There is a complex interplay between anaesthetic and analgesic techniques and cancer outcomes. Despite promising data from laboratory experimental models, the balance of available clinical trials indicates an equivalent influence of all evaluated anaesthetic techniques on long‐term oncologic outcomes, except, possibly, for peritumoral or intraperitoneal local anaesthetic infiltration.