Continuous and spontaneous directional droplet transport on bioinspired serial-wedge-shaped groove with wettability gradient

We propose a serial-wedge-shaped groove with a wettability gradient to achieve continuous directional transport of droplets. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that this design provides a sustained driving force and reduces energy barriers at junctions, facilitating continuous droplet motion. Moreover, higher temperatures and greater wettability gradients are shown to enhance the efficiency of continuous transport. Theoretical analysis further reveals that increasing surface hydrophobicity, width ratio, and droplet size can reduce energy barriers, thereby improving transport performance. These findings are expected to improve the understanding of continuous directional droplet transport and shed light on its manipulation.