Machine learning models to predict the relationship between printing parameters and tensile strength of 3D Poly (lactic acid) scaffolds for tissue engineering applications

Abstract 3D printing is an effective method to prepare 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. However, optimization of printing conditions to obtain suitable mechanical properties for various tissue engineering applications is costly and time consuming. To address this problem, in this study, scikit-learn Python machine learning library was used to apply four machine learning-based approaches which are ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression, random forest (RF), light gradient Boost (LGBM), extreme gradient boosting (XGB) and artificial neural network models to understand the relationship between 3D printing parameters and tensile strength of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). 68 combinations of process parameters for nozzle temperature, printing speed, layer height and tensile strength were used from investigated research papers. Then, datasets were divided as training (80%) and test (20%). After building the OLS linear regression, RF, LGBM, XGB and artificial neural network models, the correlation heatmap and feature importance of each printing parameter for tensile strength values were determined, respectively. Then, the tensile strength was predicted for real datasets to evaluate the performance of the models. The results demonstrate that XGB model was the most successful in predicting tensile strength among the studied models with an R 2 value of 0.98 and 0.94 for train and test values, respectively. A close R 2 value for the train and test also indicated that there was no overfitting of the data to the model. Finally, SHAP analysis shows significance of each feature on prediction of tensile strength. This study can be extended for independent variables including nozzle pressure, strut size and molecular weight of PLA and dependent variables such as elongation and elastic modulus of PLA which may be a powerful tool to predict the mechanical properties of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.