Nanofiber Composite Microchannel‐Containing Injectable Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration

Abstract Articular cartilage tissue is incapable of self‐repair and therapies for cartilage defects are still lacking. Injectable hydrogels have drawn much attention in the field of cartilage regeneration. Herein, the novel design of nanofiber composite microchannel‐containing hydrogels inspired by the tunnel‐piled structure of subway tunnels is proposed. Based on the aldehydized polyethylene glycol/carboxymethyl chitosan (APA/CMCS) hydrogels, thermosensitive gelatin microrods (GMs) are used as a pore‐forming agent, and coaxial electrospinning polylactic acid/gelatin fibers (PGFs) loaded with kartogenin (KGN) are used as a reinforcing agent and a drug delivery system to construct the nanofiber composite microchannel‐containing injectable hydrogels (APA/CMCS/KGN@PGF/GM hydrogels). The in situ formation, micromorphology and porosity, swelling and degradation, mechanical properties, self‐healing behavior, as well as drug release of the nanofiber composite microchannel‐containing hydrogels are investigated. The hydrogel exhibits good self‐healing ability, and the introduction of PGF nanofibers can significantly improve the mechanical properties. The drug delivery system can realize sustained release of KGN to match the process of cartilage repair. The microchannel structure effectively promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) proliferation and ingrowth within the hydrogels. In vitro and animal experiments indicate that the APA/CMCS/KGN@PGF/GM hydrogels can enhance the chondrogenesis of BMSCs and promote neocartilage formation in the rabbit cartilage defect model.