Efficient Construction of 3D Capillary Networks Based on Femtosecond Laser Polymerization System

Engineering biomimetic microvascular networks is a major challenge in tissue engineering, as conventional methods are limited in replicating native 3D capillary architectures (6–9 μm in diameter) due to resolution constraints (50–200 μm), structural limitations, and biocompatibility issues. This study employs femtosecond laser two‐photon polymerization to rapidly fabricate 3D capillary networks with submicron resolution (lateral and axial ≤ 200 nm) and high angular precision (±2°). Using a zirconium‐silicon hybridized photoresist (SZ2080), the method enables programmable control over key structural parameters of porous microtubules—including diameter (6–12 μm), porosity (15% ± 5%), and bifurcation conformation—with high processing efficiency. As a proof‐of‐concept, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured on the porous microtubular scaffolds. Within four days, the cells formed tight connections, achieving approximately 90% coverage, and established a 3D biohybrid vascular network via trans‐porous pseudopod connections. This platform offers significant potential for developing tissue‐engineered vascular grafts, microcirculatory models, and precision medicine applications, with future prospects for integration into dynamic fluidic and multicellular co‐culture systems to advance regenerative medicine.