Reconstruction chemistry of electrocatalysts under working conditions

characterization techniques that are indispensable for probing reconstruction mechanisms at atomic and electronic levels. Finally, we propose future research directions, emphasizing the need for mechanistic studies coupling multiple characterization techniques with theoretical modelling, as well as the development of reconstruction-resistant or reconstruction-optimized electrocatalysts tailored for industrial applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding and harnessing reconstruction chemistry to design highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts.