Oncogene Mutations: The Shared Antigen Vaccines That Work?

Cancer immunotherapy has advanced through immune checkpoint inhibitors and T cell therapies, yet challenges persist in overcoming immune evasion. Neoantigen-based vaccines have shown promise, particularly in tumors with high tumor mutation burden. However, logistical barriers and tumor heterogeneity limit their scalability. Shared oncogenic driver mutations (e.g., KRAS, EGFR, IDH) offer a stable and broadly applicable alternative. Clinical trials demonstrate their immunogenicity and potential in minimal residual disease settings. Advances in vaccine delivery and immune modulation, including adjuvants and cytokine-based therapies, may further enhance efficacy. This review explores the evolution of oncogene-directed vaccines, their clinical impact, and future strategies to optimize their therapeutic potential.