Review of Quantum Dots-Based Biosensor Systems: Construction and Applications

Quantum dots (QDs), a class of zero-dimensional nanomaterials with exceptional fluorescent properties, have emerged as a key component in biosensors. Biosensors are sophisticated devices that measure biological properties and convert them into electrical signals, comprising components such as the analyte, bioreceptor, transducer, electronics, display, and power source. Compared to traditional methods, QDs are more sensitive, less likely to suffer from photobleaching, and customizable. This review explains the properties of QDs, their synthesis methods, and the integration of QDs into biosensors. Additionally, it delves into the various applications of quantum dots-based biosensors, providing a brief overview of multiple QD biosensors, including their use in detecting cancer, coronavirus, tuberculosis, and salmonella. Despite their significant potential, the toxicity of QDs, particularly those composed of heavy metals, poses challenges for their broader application and can harm organisms after entering the environment. Finally, the paper discusses future trends in the development of quantum dot biosensors, such as more carbon QDs, greener synthesis, and more QD sensors. This paper provides information that can be used to improve future QD biosensors.