Lattice Boltzmann simulations of quasi-steady film and axisymmetric nucleate boiling

An axisymmetric multiple relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method utilizing the Shan-Chen pseudo-potential model is developed and combined with an axisymmetric finite difference approximation of the energy equation to form a hybrid method with a view toward studying axisymmetric nucleate boiling. The mechanism of phase change in the Shan–Chen model is investigated, and the model is validated by simulating a Stefan problem as well as simulations of quasi-steady film boiling with comparisons to established results. Axisymmetric quasi-steady nucleate boiling is then investigated including examining the effect of the wetting properties of surfaces by varying the wettability force to vary the dynamic contact angle.