Techno-economic investigation of grid integrated renewable energy resources with hydrogen storage systems

Fundamentally, a system is inherently connected to the presence of uncertainty, which consequently leads to the development of uncertain design and scheduling. In the contemporary power system, the prevailing conditions can primarily be attributed to the uncertain efficiency of several variables, such as pricing. Consequently, the utilization of uncertainty modeling turns into imperative. This study utilizes an optimization technique that employs a hybrid whale optimization algorithm and pattern search (HWOA-PS) to achieve the optimum efficiency in the smart parking of electric vehicles under uncertain conditions arising from fluctuations in the pricing of the main grid within the demand response program (DRP). The proposed method can effectively reduce daily costs by shifting the load between peak and light-load conditions. The suggested scheme has several features such as a non-dominated arrangement model, variable discovery, memory-based approach assortment and fuzzy theory to select the greatest Pareto. In addition to all the advantages mentioned above, the proposed algorithm has a high response speed in achieving the final and high possibility to reach the global point. There exist several important limitations for Hydrogen Storage Systems (HSS) that needs to be considered in modeling. The most important limitations include the restrictions of the electrolyzer and the boundaries of Fuel cell (FC) as well as a storage tank. The performance of the suggested algorithm is confirmed in a system with parking and several resources under uncertainty. The results confirm that the proposed method has a great ability to cope with uncertainty. Hence, there has been a reduction of as much as 41 % in the expense of SPL variation. Conversely, by taking into account the DPR, the mean expense of the SPL increases by 4.92 %, resulting in a corresponding decrease of 47.01 % in the variation of SPL costs. When evaluating the impact of DPR, it is seen that an increase in the mean expense of SPL leads to a decrease in its overall magnitude.