Fabrication of hierarchically porous trabecular bone replicas via 3D printing with high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs)

Combining emulsion templating with additive manufacturing enables the production of inherently porous scaffolds with multiscale porosity. This approach incorporates interconnected porous materials, providing a structure that supports cell ingrowth. However, 3D printing hierarchical porous structures that combine semi-micropores and micropores remains a challenging task. Previous studies have demonstrated that using a carefully adjusted combination of light absorbers and photoinitiators in the resin can produce open surface porosity, sponge-like internal structures, and a printing resolution of about 150