Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery: Fundamentals and Applications

Fundamentals of Electric Capacitors Introduction Electric Charge, Electric Field, and Electric Potential and Their Implications for Capacitor Cell Voltage Capacitance Definition and Calculation Capacitor Charging and Recharging Processes Energy Storage in Capacitor Capacitor Containing Electrical Circuits and Corresponding Calculation Types and Structures of Capacitors Summary References Fundamentals of Electrochemical Double Layer Supercapacitors Introduction Electrode and Electrolyte Interfaces and Their Capacitances Electrode Potential and Double Layer Potential Windows Using Different Electrode Materials and Electrolytes Capacitance of Porous Carbon Materials Electrochemical Double Layer Supercapacitors Energy and Power Densities of Electrochemical Supercapacitors Supercapacitor Stacking Double Layer Supercapacitors versus Batteries Applications of Supercapacitors Summary References Fundamentals of Electrochemical Pseudocapacitors Introduction Electrochemical Pseudocapacitance of Electrode-Electrolyte Interface Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Equivalent Circuits Materials, Electrodes, and Cell Designs Summary References Components and Materials for Electrochemical Supercapacitors Introduction Anode and Cathode Structures and Materials Electrolyte Structures and Materials Separator Structures Current Collectors Sealants Summary References Electrochemical Supercapacitor Design, Fabrication, and Operation Introduction Design Considerations Single Cell Manufacturing Supercapacitor Stack Manufacturing and Construction Voltage Cell Balancing Cell Aging and Voltage Decay Self Discharging Patent Review Major Commercial ES Products Summary References Coupling with Batteries and Fuel Cells Introduction Coupling ES Systems with Other Energy Devices Hybrid Systems Supercapacitor Integration with Batteries Supercapacitor Integration with Fuel Cells System Modeling and Optimization Improving Dynamic Response and Transient Stability Summary References Characterization and Diagnosis Techniques for Electrochemical Supercapacitors Introduction Electrochemical Cell Design and Fabrication Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) Charging-Discharging Curve Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Physical Characterization of Supercapacitor Materials Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Method Summary References Applications of Electrochemical Supercapacitors Introduction Power Electronics Memory Protection Battery Enhancement Portable Energy Sources Power Quality Improvement Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs) High Power Sensors and Actuators Hybrid Electric Vehicles Renewable and Off-Peak Energy Storage Military and Aerospace Applications Summary References Perspectives and Challenges Introduction Market Challenges Electrode Material Challenges Electrolyte Innovations Development of Computational Tools Future Perspectives and Research Directions References Index