Aircraft anti-icing and de-icing techniques and modeling

Nomenclature Ac = accumulation parameter Cd drag coefficient Ci = lift coefficient Cm = moment coefficient Cp = pressure coefficient c = specific heat at constant pressure, J/(kg-K); airfoil chord, D = propeller diameter, m; flexural stiffness, N-m D drag force, N d = droplet diameter, E = total collection efficiency / = freezing fraction g = acceleration caused from gravity, m/s Hi = ice thickness, Hp = plate thickness, h = airfoil projected height, hc = convective heat transfer coefficient, W/(m-K) hfg = heat of vaporization, J/kg hsi = heat of fusion, J/kg / = airfoil drag constant K = thermal conductivity, W/(m-K); inertia parameter K0 = modified inertia parameter k = roughness diameter, LWC = liquid water content, kg/m M = local Mach number MVD = median volume droplet diameter, = mass, kg ra = mass flow rate, kg/s m' = mass flow rate per unit width, kg/(m-s) m = mass flux, kg/(m-s) n = normal direction P = pressure, Pa p spatial pressure distribution, N/m <2 = heat rate, W q = normal pressure distribution, N/m