Dynamic traction limitations of a passenger car with 4-wheel drive

By theoretical considerations including the proper modelling of the vehicle and the tyre-road force transfer, the limits of safe driving, during cornering, on gradients and p-split conditions can be determined. The distribution of the traction forces to the four wheels comprises all cases from single axle drive to 4-wheel drive with and without locked differentials. The results compare the different drive train configurations with respect to their performance and define consequences for the vehicle behaviour and traction capability.