Identification of an import signal for, and the nuclear localization of, human lactoferrin

Many different unique functions have been attributed to lactoferrin (Lf), including DNA and RNA binding, and transport into the nucleus, where Lf binds to specific sequences and activates transcription. A pentapeptide, Gly‐Arg‐Arg‐Arg‐Arg, corresponding to a region of the N‐terminal portion of human Lf rich in basic amino acids, was synthesized and its intracellular localization was investigated. Peptide internalization was assayed using the rhodaminated form of the same molecule. This N‐terminal peptide sequence is able to be internalized within less than 10 min at concentration as low as 1 μ M, and its intracellular localization is nuclear, mainly nucleolar. Similar behaviour was observed using peptides composed of either all l or d amino acids, the last one being a retro‐inverse peptide. The internalization process does not involve an endocytotic pathway, since no inhibition of the uptake was observed at 4 °C. The kinetics of peptide internalization was also evaluated. The internalization properties of such a short Lf pentapeptide have been assayed for its ability to transport peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) inside cells in order to improve their efficacy. The abundant transmembrane transport and nuclear localization of the proposed peptide, deriving from hLf and, for the first time, identified as a nuclear localization signal, could be used as an alternative strategy to tackle the unsolved problem of intracellular accumulation of antisense and antigene drugs and for the development of new pharmacological tools.