Unveiling the Role of Curvature in Carbon for Improved Energy Release of Ammonium Perchlorate

). In addition, enhanced safety, increased maximum output pressure (from 5.9 to 135.3 kPa) and a markedly improved combustion effect (ignition in just 2 ms) are also observed with high-curvature CNTs. These findings underscore curvature as a critical design parameter and provide a geometry-electronic-activity framework for developing efficient catalysts in energetic materials.